Un proyecto de metodología para la planificación del desarrollo nacional y sus relaciones con la metodología de seguridad nacional

A través de la elaboración de este trabajo, pretendo conseguir, que la orientación de las metodologías de planificación, utilizadas por los organismos de desarrollo, como el CONADE, y por el de Seguridad, el COSENA, coordinen acciones, tendientes a integrar las metodologías, que se están utilizando en cada uno de los campos, a fin de producir una interrelación más beneficiosa entre las dos instituciones de las cuales el país obtenga mejores provechos. Al mismo tiempo este trabajo pretende puntualizar los factores fundamentales de cada una de las metodologías, que permitan un ahorro considerable de esfuerzos, que bien pueden dirigirse a precisar los empeños para llevar adelante los objetivos fundamentales de las dos instituciones de planificación que tienen la más alta jerarquía en el Ecuador. La Planificación de Seguridad, si está bien tiene relativo tiempo en su aplicación ha logrado plasmar una metodología lógica y secuencial que le ha permitido plantear los objetivos nacionales permanente, y la seguridad nacional. No así la planificación del desarrollo que ha venido acumulando un acervo de experiencias, mediante las cuales, se ha proyectado por derecho en el organismo planificador de la sociedad ecuatoriana. Sin embargo, en los últimos años y ante la deficiencia de respuesta del modelo económico aplicado ha tenido que variar su concepción dirigiéndose hacia la aplicación de un modelo situacional, en la cual convergen todos los intereses nacionales

The Economic Value of Basin Protection to Improve the Quality and Reliability of Potable Water Supply: Some Evidence from Ecuador

This study estimates the willingness to pay (WTP) of Loja’s households to protect two micro-basins that supply over 40 percent of potable water to the city. Results indicate that households have an average WTP of $5.80 per month, which corresponds to a 25 percent increase in the self-reported monthly water bill, to preserve the basins.Basin protection, contingent valuation, Loja, Ecuador, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use,

Physical Wigner functions

In spite of their potential usefulness, the characterizations of Wigner functions for Bose and Fermi statistics given by O'Connell and Wigner himself almost thirty years ago has drawn little attention. With an eye towards applications in quantum chemistry, we revisit and reformulate them in a more convenient way.Comment: Latex, 10 page

“Greener” chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystals via oxa-Michael addition with N-Benzylmaleimide

Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was conducted by an oxa-Michael addition of primary hydroxyl groups on the CNC surface with N-Benzylmaleimide (BnM). Six principles of green chemistry were used to obtain the hydrophobized CNC. Two catalytic approaches were used, a self-catalyzed reaction where alkyl sulfuric acid on the surface of the CNC was the catalyst, and a base-catalyzed approach using triethylamine (TEA). DMSO was chosen as reaction solvent due to its low cost, low toxicity and ability to disperse native CNC compared to other polar diprotic solvents. NMR and FTIR studies confirmed the successful modification of CNCs in both reaction routes. The TEA-catalyzed reaction showed a higher BnM conversion at 70 ​°C after 72 ​h (46 ​± ​2%) compared to the self-catalyzed reaction at 100 ​°C (24 ​± ​2%). Since BnM was added at a two-fold excess compared to superficial primary –OH groups, these had estimated conversions of 92% and 48%, for the base catalyzed and acid catalyzed routes, respectively. Zeta potential measurements suggest, the sulfate groups were retained after the modification reaction. AFM demonstrated no change in particle morphology after modification. Modified CNCs degraded at a higher temperature (390 ​± ​8 ​°C) when the reaction was catalyzed by TEA compared to native CNCs and the self-catalyzed product (220 ​± ​10 ​°C). Contact angle measurements demonstrated the increased hydrophobicity of the modified nanoparticles. Visual inspection and UV–vis spectroscopy demonstrated the modified CNCs had an increased affinity towards organic solvents like acetone, acetonitrile and toluene

Pattern formation in a predator-prey system characterized by a spatial scale of interaction

We describe pattern formation in ecological systems using a version of the classical Lotka-Volterra model characterized by a spatial scale which controls the predator-prey interaction range. Analytical and simulational results show that patterns can emerge in some regions of the parameters space where the instability is driven by the range of the interaction. The individual-based implementation captures realistic ecological features. In fact, spatial structures emerge in an erratic oscillatory regime which can contemplate predators' extinction.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Evidence for Domesticated and Wild Populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is predominantly found in association with human activities, particularly the production of alcoholic beverages. S. paradoxus, the closest known relative of S. cerevisiae, is commonly found on exudates and bark of deciduous trees and in associated soils. This has lead to the idea that S. cerevisiae is a domesticated species, specialized for the fermentation of alcoholic beverages, and isolates of S. cerevisiae from other sources simply represent migrants from these fermentations. We have surveyed DNA sequence diversity at five loci in 81 strains of S. cerevisiae that were isolated from a variety of human and natural fermentations as well as sources unrelated to alcoholic beverage production, such as tree exudates and immunocompromised patients. Diversity within vineyard strains and within saké strains is low, consistent with their status as domesticated stocks. The oldest lineages and the majority of variation are found in strains from sources unrelated to wine production. We propose a model whereby two specialized breeds of S. cerevisiae have been created, one for the production of grape wine and one for the production of saké wine. We estimate that these two breeds have remained isolated from one another for thousands of years, consistent with the earliest archeological evidence for winemaking. We conclude that although there are clearly strains of S. cerevisiae specialized for the production of alcoholic beverages, these have been derived from natural populations unassociated with alcoholic beverage production, rather than the opposite

Monitoramento por OPG e cultura de fezes de ovinos de uma propriedade rural na região de Bagé (2007-2009).

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